ConverterHub

PWM to Voltage Calculator

Enter the values to get the average voltage.

How to use

  1. Enter your values in the fields above.
  2. Press Calculate to see your result instantly.
  3. Use the Share button to copy a link to your result.

About this calculator

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) switches a signal rapidly between a supply voltage and zero (or ground); the fraction of each cycle spent "on" is the duty cycle. Because most loads (motors, LEDs, filters) respond to the time-averaged signal rather than the raw switching, the effective average voltage is simply V_avg = duty cycle × V_supply — a 25% duty cycle on a 12V line produces an average of 3V.

Embedded and electronics engineers, along with Arduino and Raspberry Pi hobbyists, use this relationship constantly when driving DC motor speed, dimming LEDs, or generating an approximate analog voltage from a microcontroller's digital output pins.

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